Njengethuluzi lokukala elibaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni kwemithombo yamanzi, amamitha amanzi asebenza kakhulu kunokumane urekhode ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Kusukela ekufikeni kwamamitha amanzi ayimishini ngemva kweNguquko Yezimboni ngekhulu le-19 kuya ekwamukelweni okusabalele kwamamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile axhaswe ubuchwepheshe be-IoT ekhulwini lama-21, leli thuluzi elibonakala livamile lihlala lihlanganisa izinsiza zamanzi ezijulile zobuntu. Esimeni samanje sokulukwa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukubaluleka kwesayensi kwamamitha amanzi kuye kwakhula ukuze kuhlanganiswe izilinganiso eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukuqapha izinsiza, ukuhlolwa kwemvelo, nokuphathwa komphakathi, okube isixhumanisi esibalulekile esixhumanisa ukuziphatha kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi{4}}nezinga elincane{5}}namasu amakhulu wemithombo yamanzi.
Isisekelo Sesayensi Sokulinganisa Okunembile: Ukusuka Ezahlulelweni Ezinamandla Kuya Ekuhlaziyeni Okuningi
Lapho imiphakathi yendabuko yezolimo ithembele emithonjeni yamanzi emvelo, umqondo ongacacile wokuthi "amanzi adingekayo" wawubusa amaphethini okusebenzisa amanzi. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthuka kwezimboni kanye nokufudukela emadolobheni kuwushintshe kakhulu lo mqondo. Ukufika kwamamitha amanzi, okokuqala ngqa, kunikeze ubufakazi bobuningi bokuziphatha komuntu ukusebenzisa amanzi{2}}ukusebenzisa izimiso ezibonakalayo ezifana nokuzungezisa impeller, ukususwa kwe-piston, noma ukungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic ukuguqula ukugeleza kwamanzi angabonakali abe amasignali edijithali afundekayo. Leli khono lokulinganisa elinembile aliyona nje imfuneko yobuchwepheshe ukuze kukhokhelwe izikweletu zamanzi kodwa futhi liyisisekelo sokuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi ngokwesayensi. Isibonelo, kumongo wokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ekhaya, idatha yemitha yamanzi ingasiza abacwaningi bahlaziye ukuhlobana phakathi kwemikhuba ehlukene yokuphila (njengobude beshawa kanye nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa komshini wokuwasha) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Ezingeni lokuhlela amadolobha, ukuqhathanisa idatha evela kumamitha angochwepheshe besifunda namamitha asendlini kungaveza izinkomba ezibalulekile ezifana namazinga okuvuza kwenethiwekhi yamapayipi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokusebenza kahle kwamanzi.
Intuthuko ku-metrology yesimanje iye yaphinde yakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokunemba kwamamitha amanzi. I-International Recommendation R49, ethuthukiswe yi-International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML), ichaza ngokucacile iphutha eliphezulu elivumelekile lamamitha amanzi okuhlala (ngokuvamile ±2% kuya ku-±5%), kuyilapho ilabhorethri-ibanga eliphezulu-amamitha amanzi anemba angathola ngisho namaphutha okulinganisa phakathi kuka-±0.1%. Lokhu kunemba okuqinisekisiwe kuvumela idatha yemitha yamanzi ukuba inikeze ngokuqondile ucwaningo lwesayensi: onjiniyela abasebenza ngogesi basebenzisa{8}}idatha yokugeleza yesikhathi eside eqoqiwe ukuze bakhe amamodeli okusetshenziswa kwamanzi emadolobheni, izazi zemvelo zisebenzisa ukuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo kwamamitha amanzi asabalalisiwe endaweni enamanzi ukuze kulandelelwe izitayela zokuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, futhi ngisho nabacwaningi bokushintsha kwesimo sezulu bangakwazi ukukhipha ubufakazi bobuningi kuwo njengoba ukwehla kwamanzi okusebenzisa amanzi ngesikhathi sesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. ukwanda komthamo wenethiwekhi yamapayipi ngezikhathi zezimvula). I-Frontier ku-Resource Monitoring ne-Environmental Science
Ngokumelene nesizinda sokwanda kokushoda kwamanzi emhlabeni wonke, amamitha amanzi asephenduke izinzwa ezibalulekile kumanethiwekhi okuqapha imvelo. Amamitha wamanzi ahlakaniphile adlulisa idatha yesikhathi sangempela-kumapharamitha amaningi, njengokugeleza, ukucindezela, nezinga lokushisa, enikeza{2}}umthombo wolwazi wokuxazulula okuphezulu kokuhlola imithombo yamanzi enamandla. Isibonelo, ngokuhlaziya ukuguquguquka kwansuku zonke kudatha yemitha yamanzi evela epaki yemboni, iziphathimandla zokuvikela imvelo zingakwazi ukuhlonza ukuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile okungekho emthethweni. Ukuqhathanisa ukufundwa kwamamitha phakathi kwezindawo zokungenisa amadamu namamitha amanzi angaphansi komfula kungalinganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okunisela ngenkasa kwezolimo. Ngisho nasekuphathweni kwemifula enqamula imingcele, amazwe asenhla nezansi nomfula angaxoxisana ngamalungelo amanzi alinganayo ngokwabelana ngedatha yamamitha ezindaweni ezibalulekile.
Okuphawuleka nakakhulu, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yamamitha amanzi nobuchwepheshe obufana nezinhlelo zolwazi lwendawo (GIS) kanye nokuzwa okukude kwesathelayithi yesimo sezulu kungenisa ipharadigm entsha kusayensi yemithombo yamanzi. Abacwaningi basebenzisa ama-algorithms okufunda ngomshini ukuze bacubungule amanani amakhulu edatha yamamitha amanzi, babikezela ngokunembile izikhathi zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi aphezulu ezindaweni ezihlukene zasemadolobheni kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuhlela ukuphakelwa kwamanzi ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ihlanganiswe nedatha yenzwa yokuswakama kwenhlabathi, ingaphinda ithuthukise imodeli yokulingisa amanzi angaphezulu{2}}angaphansi komhlaba ukuze inikeze isexwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi sesayensi sokwehla kwamazinga amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza azithuthukisi nje kuphela ukusebenza kahle komthombo wamanzi kodwa futhi zihlinzeka ngosekelo lobuchwepheshe ukuze kuzuzwe Izinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme zomhlaba wonke (njenge-SDG 6: Amanzi Ahlanzekile Nokuthuthwa Kwendle).
Ibhuloho Phakathi Kokubusa Komphakathi kanye Nesinqumo Sesayensi-Ukwenza
Ukubaluleka kwesayensi kwamamitha amanzi kubonakala nangethonya lawo ekuziphatheni komphakathi. Lapho abasebenzisi bekwazi ukubuka ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwamanzi ngesikhathi sangempela ngokusebenzisa amadivaysi ahlakaniphile, le mpendulo ebonakalayo ingashintsha kakhulu imikhuba yabo yokusebenzisa amanzi. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukufaka imitha yamanzi enomsebenzi wokubonisa{2}}wesikhathi sangempela kungehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi nsuku zonke ngo-10%-ngo-15%. Lokhu kungenelela kokuziphatha kwezinga elincane kuguqula idatha yesayensi ibe amandla okushayela umphakathi ukubamba iqhaza, okukhuthaza ukuvumelana komphakathi "ngokuqwashisa ngamanzi, ukongiwa kwamanzi, nokuvikelwa kwamanzi."
Ezingeni{0}}ezinkulu, idatha yemitha yamanzi iyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokwenziwa kwenqubomgomo yemithombo yamanzi kahulumeni. Ngokuhlaziya ukwakheka kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwemikhakha eyahlukene (njengemboni, ezolimo, kanye nezinsizakalo), abenzi bezinqumo{2}}bangase babeke imikhawulo enengqondo ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi okuphelele. Ngokuqhathanisa idatha yomlando nezimo zokukhula kwenani labantu, bangakwazi ukuhlela amaphrojekthi okwandisa ukuphakelwa kwamanzi kusenesikhathi. Ngisho nasezimeni eziphuthumayo zomphakathi (njengokuqhuma kwamapayipi nokungcoliswa komthombo wamanzi), izexwayiso zedatha ezingavamile ezivela kunethiwekhi yamamitha wamanzi zingazuza umzuzu{5}}ngempendulo-ngomzuzu. Le modeli yokuthatha izinqumo zesayensi{8}, esekelwe kudatha yolwazi, inciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuhlola{9}}kanye{10}}nezindleko zamaphutha zokuphathwa komthombo wamanzi futhi ithuthukisa ukuqina nokusimama kwesistimu.
Kusukela ekuxhumekeni okunembile kwamagiya ayimishini kuya ekudluliselweni okungenantambo kwamasignali edijithali, amamitha amanzi abelokhu eyithuluzi lesintu lokuhlola izimfihlakalo zemithombo yamanzi. Ngaphezu nje kwethuluzi lokulinganisa ukugeleza kwamanzi, asebenza njengesixhumanisi phakathi kokuqonda kwesayensi kanye nesenzo esingokoqobo. Ngokurekhoda ngokuqondile umgudu wawo wonke amaconsi amanzi, amamitha amanzi asisiza ukuba siqonde imithetho yemvelo, sithuthukise ukwabiwa kwezinsiza, futhi sakhe umphakathi onokuzwana phakathi kwabantu namanzi. Esikhathini esizayo, ngokuhlanganiswa okujulile kwe-inthanethi Yezinto, idatha enkulu, nobuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa, amamitha amanzi azoqhubeka nokwandisa imingcele yawo yesayensi futhi abe indawo ehlakaniphile ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni okusimeme kwemithombo yamanzi yomhlaba wonke.