Njengedivayisi eyinhloko yokulinganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, izakhiwo zamamitha wamanzi zithinta ngokuqondile ukusebenza kahle kokuthuthwa komkhiqizo, ukulawula izindleko, nokuqeda{0}ukusebenza kokusebenza. Izici zokuhleleka zamamitha amanzi zihlanganisa izici ezivamile zemikhiqizo yezimboni evamile, kanye nezidingo ezihlukile ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo, izinto zokwakha, kanye nezimo ezithile zokusetshenziswa. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izici ezibalulekile zezakhiwo zamamitha wamanzi ngokubheka izakhiwo zazo ezibonakalayo, ukujwayelana nezimo zezokuthutha, izidingo zokuphatha indawo yokugcina impahla, kanye nokwenza kahle kwe-supply chain.
Izakhiwo Zomzimba kanye Nezinselele Zokusebenza Zamamitha Amanzi
Amamitha amanzi ngokuvamile ahlanganisa ikesi lensimbi, izingxenye zepulasitiki, izingxenye zokulinganisa ezinembayo, nezinto zikagesi (njengamamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile). Izakhiwo zabo ezibonakalayo zikhomba ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Okokuqala, amamitha amanzi ahluka kakhulu ngobukhulu nesisindo, kusukela kumamitha amancane emishini yasendlini kuya kumamitha ezimboni ezinkulu. Lolu hlu olubanzi lwevolumu nomthamo womthwalo ludala izidingo ezihlukile zokupakisha nokulayisha. Okwesibili, amamitha amanzi aqukethe izingxenye ezinyakazayo zemishini noma izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, ezidinga ukuvikelwa ekudlidlizeni okukhulu, ukungqubuzana, noma ukutshekiswa ngesikhathi sokuthutha, njengoba lokhu kungaholela emaphutheni okulinganisa noma ngisho nokulimala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amamitha amanzi, ikakhulukazi amamitha kagesi, azwela ukushisa nomswakama. Izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu zingathinta ukuzinza kwesekethe, kudingeke ukuthi izinga lokushisa elilawulwayo kanye nezimo zomswakama ngesikhathi sokuhamba.
Izidingo Zokuguquguquka Kwendawo Yezokuthutha
Ukuguquguquka kwemvelo yokuthutha imitha yamanzi kuyisici esibalulekile sokusebenza kwayo. Kuzo zonke izindlela zokuthutha ezintathu eziyinhloko-ezisemhlabeni, ulwandle, nomoya{2}}amamitha amanzi abonisa umehluko omkhulu ekubekezeleleni kwawo izimo zokuhamba ezihlukene. Izinto zokuthutha ezihamba phansi (isb., ukuthutha ngamaloli) kuyindlela evame kakhulu, kodwa kufanele kucatshangelwe umthelela wemigwaqo enamagquma kumamitha amanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukupakishwa okuqinisiwe kanye neziqukathi ezivikelwe kahle kubalulekile. Nakuba ezokuthutha olwandle kunikeza izindleko eziphansi, kuthatha isikhathi eside futhi kungase kuhlanganise umswakama ophezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukupakishwa okuvikela umswakama{9}nokugqwala{10}kubalulekile kubalulekile, njengoba amagobolondo ensimbi noma amamitha ethusi asengozini yokugqwala. Nakuba ezokuthutha zasemoyeni zishesha, zinemikhawulo eqinile yesisindo nevolumu futhi zibiza kakhulu, okuyenza ifaneleke kuphela{12}}inani eliphezulu noma amamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile alethwa ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamitha amanzi kufanele ahambisane namazinga okusebenza amazwe ngamazwe (njenge-ISTA noma imininingwane ye-ISO) ngesikhathi sokuthutha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwethembeka kuzo zonke izindlela zokuthutha ezihlukahlukene.
Ukuphathwa Kwempahla Nokulawulwa Kwempahla
Ukuphathwa kwendawo yokugcina impahla yamamitha amanzi kudinga ukucatshangelwa kwezakhiwo zawo ezibonakalayo kanye nezidingo zokusebenzisa. Njengoba amamitha amanzi angase agcinwe isikhathi eside, izindawo zokugcina impahla kufanele zigcine indawo eyomile futhi engenawo umoya ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugqwala ezingxenyeni zensimbi kanye nokuwohloka kwezingxenye zepulasitiki. Amamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile nawo adinga ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwebhethri kanye nomswakama kusekethe. Abanye abahlinzeki-mpahla badinga ukuthi amamitha amanzi aphilayo avulwe njalo ukuze alungiswe. Mayelana nokulawulwa kwempahla, amamitha amanzi ngokuvamile agcinwa ngemodeli kanye nencazelo ukuze kube lula ukuhlungwa nokudiliva ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba amamitha amanzi engamathuluzi okulinganisa, amanye amazwe noma izifunda zidinga ukulinganisa okuvamile noma ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi sokulondoloza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso lapho kulethwa.
Ukuthuthukisa Uchungechunge Lokuhlinzeka kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kokusebenza Kwezinto Ezisetshenziswayo
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamamitha amanzi, ukuphathwa kwe-supply chain kumele kuthuthukiswe kuyo yonke inqubo, kusukela ekuthengeni, ezokuthutha, ekugcinweni nasekusabalaliseni. Okokuqala, ukuthenga okuphakathi nendawo kanye{1}}nokuthutha ngezinga elikhulu kunganciphisa izindleko zamayunithi, kuyilapho kukhethwa ozakwethu bezokuthutha abathembekile ukuze kuncishiswe ingcuphe yomonakalo. Okwesibili, ubuchwepheshe bedijithali (obufana nokulandelela kwe-RFID noma kwe-IoT) bungasetshenziswa ukuze kufinyelelwe ukubonakala okugcwele kokuhlelwa kwemitha yamanzi, kube lula{3}}ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kwesimo sokuthunyelwa. Kumamitha ahlakaniphile amanzi,{5}ukuhlelwa kwangaphambilini noma ukulungiselelwa okukude kunganciphisa isikhathi sokusebenza ngaphambi{6}}kokufakwa kwesayithi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuletha konke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zesifunda, ukusungula inethiwekhi yendawo yokugcina impahla esabalalisiwe kunganciphisa amabanga okulethwa, kuyenze ifaneleke kakhulu{8}izimo ezibucayi zesikhathi njengamaphrojekthi kamasipala.
Isiphetho
Imvelo yokusetshenziswa kwamamitha amanzi ihlanganisa izilinganiso eziningi, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezibonakalayo, ukuguquguquka kwezokuthutha, ukuphathwa kwendawo yokugcina impahla, kanye nokwenza kahle kwe-supply chain. Abaphathi bezokuthutha kumele bacabangele ngokuphelele izici zomkhiqizo, indawo yezokuthutha, kanye nezidingo zamakhasimende. Ngokupakishwa okuphumelelayo, izindlela zokuhamba, namasu okugcina impahla, ubuqotho nokusebenza kwamamitha amanzi kuyo yonke inqubo yawo yokusabalalisa kungaqinisekiswa. Ngokuzayo, ngokwamukelwa kabanzi kwamamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile kanye nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokuhamba, ukuhlelwa kwemitha yamanzi kuzothuthukela ekufezekiseni ukusebenza kahle okukhulu, ukunemba, kanye nobuhlakani, okuhlinzekela ukwesekwa okuthembeke kakhudlwana ekwakhiweni nasekulungisweni kwengqalasizinda yemboni yokuphakelwa kwamanzi.